Thesis Title: Leadership Shifts and the Dynamics of Social Movements: Frame Evolution in the Nation of Islam
Abstract: Over time, social movements characterised by hierarchical structures undergo transitions in leadership, prompting the emergence of new frames or the repositioning of existing frames within an altered rhetorical context. The inadequacy in addressing the theorisation of leadership within social movements persists despite its undeniable significance, particularly in the realm of deeper considerations regarding the evolving processes of framing.
This research examines leadership transitions and the evolution of rhetorical framing within social movements, using the Nation of Islam (NOI) as a case study. Grounded in social movement theory and frame analysis, the study explores the leadership of Elijah Muhammad, Louis Farrakhan, and other key figures such as Malcolm X and Warith Deen Mohammed. It investigates how their distinct rhetorical styles, strategies, and ideological shifts influenced the mobilisation efforts and public perception of the NOI across different periods. Elijah Muhammad’s emphasis on black empowerment and separatism during the Civil Rights era is compared with the evolving frames under Louis Farrakhan and the moderate reforms of Warith Deen Mohammed, analysing the movement’s shifting identity. This research also assesses Malcolm X’s impact on framing during his tenure and after his departure from the movement. By analysing the use of historical references, cultural symbols, and rhetorical strategies, the study highlights how these leaders mobilised diverse African American communities and engaged with broader social and political movements. Content analysis of speeches, archival materials, and media representations, alongside interviews and surveys with NOI members, provides a comprehensive understanding of how leadership transitions and framing strategies shape the trajectory of social movements. The findings contribute to broader discussions on leadership dynamics, frame evolution, and mobilisation in sustaining social movements over time.
First Supervisor: Professor Jeroen Gunning / Dr John Narayan